Headlines and summaries from the pages of Electronic Engineering Times . Previous editions are available from the 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , and 1998 News Archives.

03/21/96

Smart cards make a run for the gold

VideoCD drives MPEG-1 boom in China

Two startups take on HP, Intel, and GI in cable-modem fray

Philips pushes to make CD-recordable tech affordable
What's new(s) at EE Times-interactive

03/20/96

Iterated tool ena bles Webmasters to swap fractals for GIFs

Writing-averse engineers finally get a hand

Dendrimers may spark revolution in materials science

Internet PDA overturns computer-design applecart

Tool fuzzifies Prolog's expert systems

03/19/96

As the virtual world turns; assume an avatar and join in

National's temperature sensors keep PCs from overheating

Microlinear, ICS in fast-Ethernet fight

AuraVision video processor targets high-res multimedia

Module lets OEMs configure PC memory

HP, Fujitsu, IBM push the high end of computer performance

03/18/96

N+I preview: Ipsilon IP technology will pose threat to ATM

DRAM-based "Fusion Memory" joins the memory wars

ASIC cores grab spotlight at DSPx conference

Ikos snaps up emulation startup Virtual Machine Works

AMD spins off its programmable-logic division

SIA book-to-bill down again in February

Verilog-analog plan pushed

Smart cards make a run for the gold

By Terry Costlow

ATLANTA -- When the Olympics open here in July, the games won't be only in the stadiums. Several industries are holding their breath to see whether smart cards--which use microprocessors and memories to serve as a cash alternative--will turn out golden or will attract less interest than the sixth-place synchronized swimming tea m.

For chip makers, the test holds an exciting prospect: smart cards use fairly simple technology and have the potential for huge volumes. For system designers who make the readers and components the cards use, the need for an entirely new infrastructure of terminals will have to be installed.

Of course, that's assuming Olympic spectators and Atlanta natives like the idea of using cards that store $10 or $20 instead of cash when they buy sodas, hamburgers and movie tickets. Merchants must also decide to accept the cash alternative, and those in the banking and finance industry must see a profit, since they'll be among the main drivers for smart cards.

While the concept will be on trial in Atlanta, the technology has already been proven in Europe, which expects unit shipments to exceed a half billion this year.

VideoCD drives MPEG-1 boom in China

By Junko Yoshida

MILPITAS, Calif. -- Seen in the West as yesterday's news, the MPEG-1 decoder is experiencing an unexpected boom in mainland China and throughout Asia.

The huge surge in demand there sent MPEG-1 chip sales skyrocketing to 3.2 million units in 1995, more than a threefold increase over the 900,000 units sold worldwide in 1994, according to Dataquest Inc. The San Jose, Calif., research firm expects the market to leap ahead equally fast this year, to 8 million units.

All those chips are mainly going into VideoCD players, a product largely shunned by Western manufacturers but in great demand in Asia. According to decoder maker C-Cube Microsystems Inc., Chinese consumers ranked the VideoCD player as the fifth-highest household priority, below a refrigerator and above an air conditioner.

So far, C-Cube, based here, has singlehandedly swept up the exploding Asian MPEG-1 market, with a market share of more than a 90 percent. To cement its lead, the company last week unveiled its third-generatio n MPEG-1 audio/video decoder chip, the CL484 VCD. C-Cube is also partnering with Philips Sound & Vision, a division of Philips Consumer Electronics, which will use the chip in its own VideoCD players and deliver a VideoCD development kit for consumer-electronics OEMs throughout Asia.

Two startups take on HP, Intel, and GI in cable-modem fray

By Loring Wirbel

SANTA CLARA, Calif. -- The cable-modem field may be dominated by giants, but two startups are vying to get into the game. Both are looking to leverage technology from other communications areas to gain an edge over OEMs like Hewlett-Packard Co., Intel Corp. and General Instrument Inc. in the client-station and neighborhood head-end arena.

Terayon Corp., with backing from Cisco Systems Inc. and several large venture firms, plans to borrow the spread-spectrum code division multiple access (CDMA) modulation from wi reless digital cellular and PCS markets, to provide better return-path bandwidth for cable-modem users. Com21 Inc. (Mountain View, Calif.) is betting that an end-to-end asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) infrastructure for both client modems and head-end switches, will allow the young company to leapfrog over those using an Ethernet MAC interface.

The market is still nascent enough to allow startup activity, though the prototype modems offered by large manufacturers may give many small companies pause. Com21, however, is already in preproduction trials with Cable Co-Op of Palo Alto, Calif., and plans to move to beta sites for testing by midyear. Terayon plans to start trials later this year, after its synchronous-CDMA baseband processor tapes out to send to a fab in late March.

Philips pushes to make CD-recordable tech affordable

By Terry Costlow

San Jose, Calif. -- Phili ps Professional Solutions has teamed with Corel and Adaptec to provide a bundled package for the rapidly growing recordable CD-ROM market. Moving into what it calls visual computing, the new Philips division plans a major thrust in recordable drives, saying that sales will soar as industrywide pricing falls from $1,000 today to $500 by year's end.

The CDD2000 CD-Recorder is bundled with Corel's CD Creator 2 software and an Adaptec SCSI bus-master adapter card, following a recent trend toward bundling complete packages with recordable CD-ROM drives. Philips is pricing an internal unit at $995, with plans to quickly drive that price lower. That would also follow a dramatic trend for recordable drives.

"Early in 1995, the price point dropped to $3,000," said Akyra Pagoulatos, director of CD products. "Last fall, the price dropped just under $1,000 for a full bundled system. All indications say that the industry has to be at $499 by Christmas to get beyond 1 million shipments this year."

Iterated tool enables Webmasters to swap fractals for GIFs

By R. Colin Johnson

Atlanta -- Webmasters and -mistresses constrained by the inflexibility of graphics on the Internet now have available a fractal-based tool that compresses multimegabit images into minuscule files that can open to any size without hurting resolution.

Currently, if you want to display the same image in different sizes, you need as many image files as you have sizes. Iterated's Fractal Transform--now available free--streamlines Web graphics by enabling the reuse of a single image file for anything from a thumbnail view to filling the screen. In addition, fractally compressed images appear on the screen up to 400 percent faster than conventional bit-mapped images, and file sizes can be up to 250 times smaller.

For the future, Iterated also promises technology for fractally compressed streaming files for real-time video over conventional dial-up Internet connections.

Iterated Systems pioneered the application of fractal technology--a branch of chaos theory--to compress images at ratios up to 250:1. The company's Fractal Transform compresses images into a fractal kernel that can subsequently be decompressed to any size--it could also be smaller than the original--while maintaining the same overall pixel-per-inch resolution.

Writing-averse engineers finally get a hand

By Robert Bellinger

Writing, claims James Vincler, is probably the engineer's least favorite task. "On-the-job writing consumes more time than you care to take," Vincler writes in his new book, Engineering Your Writing Success (Professional Publications, Belmont, Calif.) "It's the one job you'd most like to jettison. After all, you studied engineering to engineer, not to write about it."

For 18 y ears, Vincler and his wife and co-author, Nancy Horlick Vincler, have presented writing workshops to businesses in Silicon Valley, many of them technology companies.

So what if an engineers writes a bit fuzzily? An example: An engineering group was assigned to running failure analysis on a product. They presented a report to the manager, who scanned through it and gave it his stamp of approval.

The problem? The report was so poorly composed the manager didn't realize tests were performed on only 10 products, not 500, as he had assumed. The product was later recalled, at a cost of millions. Certainly, bad judgment on the part of the engineering team tripped up the project, but the manager could have rescued the project had the report been better written.

Dendrimers may spark revolution in materials science

By Gail Robinson

MIDLAND, Mich. -- A man-made molecule, hollow at its core and three-dimensional in shape, might prove a workable building block for designers of nanoscopic devices.

Discovered more than 20 years ago, the structure is riding a wave of interest and optimism at research institutions, universities and companies worldwide. Researchers predict that the technology, if proven commercially feasible, could provide the foundation for a wide range of new products--from nanoscopic amplifiers and single-molecule data-storage devices to gene therapy and delivery agents

for drugs.

Called a dendrimer--after dendron, the Greek word for tree--the architecture resembles a pattern similar to the generational branching of trees, except it retains a global shape. Its proponents claim it represents a new class of synthetically derived, structure-controlled polymers, marking a radical shift from previous linear molecular structures, such as the chains or strands found in polyethylenes and epoxy resins.

Moreover, because of the architecture, dendrim ers can be assembled--much like a Lego set-- into a variety of devices and layers. "You could build nanoscopic devices such as capacitors and transducers, which, by their very nature, are amplifiers," said inventor Donald Tomalia of the Michigan Molecular Institute (MMI), here.

Internet PDA overturns computer-design applecart

By Chappell Brown

BERKELEY, Calif. -- In the course of building a low-cost portable terminal optimized for Internet use, the University of California-Berkeley's Infopad project has encountered a new mix of design constraints that reorders the priorities taken for granted in desktop- and mainframe-computer design.

Designed to be the ultimate in portability and connectivity, Infopad is a handheld unit that packs dedicated ASICs performing video compression and cellular communication with an Advanced RISC Machines (ARM) microprocessor. The guiding design concept was to use the Internet for large-scale processing and data storage, leaving small-scale local processing to the Infopad.

In the drive to reduce power consumption to its lowest value, the Berkeley team discovered that reducing only a single factor often leads to unacceptable performance or surprisingly little power saving. One hard lesson has been that only a complete rethinking of both software and hardware design will lead to significant advances in power-saving architectures.

The project may thus represent a new paradigm for system design in the age of networking. For example, once you have achieved the required throughput for a signal-processing function, there is no reason to push performance to higher levels. Any extra performance margin should go into reducing power consumption.

Tool fuzzifies Prolog's expert systems

By R. Colin Johnson

LON DON -- Logic Programming Associates Ltd. (LPA) has released the Fuzzy Logic Inferencing Toolkit (Flint), which combines fuzzy logic with Prolog-based expert systems.

"Typically, fuzzy logic requires fewer rules and needs fewer variables, and it uses an easy-to-understand, linguistic representation rather than a complex, numerical description," said LPA marketing director Clive Spenser.

Flint fuzzifies crisp values from the real world using such standard membership functions as piecewise linear, curved and user-defined. Fuzzy results are turned back into crisp digital values by either of the two standard defuzzification techniques: the centroid method, based on the center of gravity, or the peak method, based on the highest fuzzy value. Alternatively, users can plug in their own defuzzification routines.

The system automatically propagates fuzzy values through a set of user-written rules, which can either stand separately or be combined into fuzzy associative memories (FAM). Fuzzy rule sets are defined by users with the supplied fuzzy operators, including the basic IF/THEN of each rule, the various fuzzy AND, OR and NOT combinatory operators, and a large variety of configurable linguistic hedges, such as "fast" or "slow."

As the virtual world turns; assume an avatar and join in

By Alexander Wolfe

Virtual worlds are about to collide with the Internet via an emerging, graphically intensive technology that's been likened to "chat groups on steroids." The groups, called habitats, are Web-based environments in which participants assume an on-line presence as an "avatar"--a 2-D virtual person--that interacts with others in imaginary settings.

Intel Corp. and IBM Corp. are each conducting on-line trials and are offering free software at their Web sites. Fujitsu recently launched WorldsAway, a habitat aimed at Compuserve subscribers. And Electric Communities, a Cupe rtino, Calif., startup founded by three Lucasfilm alumni, thinks it has found a way to take the technology to the mass market.

All the efforts are prompted by the search for the killer application that will turn the Web from a content developers' money pit into a profitable venue for electronic commerce.

"The Internet eats business models. Whether at a tactical level there's a way to make money, I don't know," said Steven McGeady, vice president of Internet technology at Intel Architecture Labs (Hillsboro, Ore.). "At a strategic level, the Internet is all about access to information. The thing that users increasingly want is access to people; that's something we think is holding the Internet back."

National's temperature sensors keep PCs from overheating

By Junko Yoshida

SANTA CLARA, Calif. -- Keeping the company's lead in silicon temperature sensors for consumer-el ectronics products, National Semiconductor Corp. has launched two digital temperature-sensor products--one optimized for personal computers and the other for wireless designs.

The LM75, running at 3 V to 5.5 V, protects personal computers from getting overheated. The sensor integrates a 9-bit delta-sigma A/D converter to achieve high noise immunity in microprocessor environments, and a digital over-temperature detector with I2C interface.

The other temperature sensor operates from a low-power supply of 2.7 V. Called LM60, the part is housed in the company's TinyPak SOT23 package, designed for space-constrained portable-communications devices.

Lately, National has been throwing its engineering and manufacturing muscle behind silicon temperature sensors. The company believes that the parts could eventually replace thermistors, particularly for volume consumer-electronics products that tend to integrate many features in a small space and that run very hot.

Microlinear, ICS in fast-Ethernet fight

By Loring Wirbel

SAN JOSE, Calif. -- Micro Linear Corp. has reduced its transceiver solution for 100 Base TX fast Ethernet to a single chip. But its claim that the ML6992 will be the first such chip is being contested by Integrated Circuit Systems Inc. (ICS), which says its own ICS1890 may beat Micro Linear's offering to market.

Micro Linear will tout its proprietary analog blocks for adaptive equalization and jitter attenuation to woo customers to the ML6992. ICS (Valley Forge, Pa.), for its part, hopes its chip's combined support for 10-Mbit and 100-Mbit interfaces will steer customers to its solution.

One thing on which both companies agree is that OEM interest remains centered on Category 5 wiring, whose transmission characteristics are specified by the IEEE 100 Base TX standard. By contrast, they consider Category 3 solutions, or 100 Base T4, a niche approac h.

AuraVision video processor targets high-res multimedia

By Junko Yoshida

FREMONT, Calif. -- AuraVision Corp. has launched an advanced video processor, the VxP505, that targets high-resolution, multimedia PCs.

The video IC offers 60-field/ second full-motion video playback, 30-frame/s capture at 320 x 240, and glueless chip support for many MPEG-2 decoder chips.

With the advent of DVD-on-the-PC platform, the VxP505 would be particularly useful for those PC OEMs looking for higher-resolution video quality as a differentiating factor for their products, explained a company spokesman.

Though some MPEG decoder chips and graphics chips are beginning to incorporate a certain level of video-scaling features, they might not be able to reproduce on a PC truly enhanced picture quality made available by DVD, the spokesman warned.

AuraVision's chip provides what t he company claims is a full range of video-scaling capabilities, including both vertical and horizontal interpolations for zooming up pictures, dual-stage polyphase filters for improved video scaling, and a 24-bit internal architecture pipeline to support 16.7 million colors. The chip also allows 60-field/s playback with half-line resolution in all window sizes.

Module lets OEMs configure PC memory

By Terry Costlow

FREMONT, Calif. -- Anticipating a change in the way computer marketers and buyers view memory, Smart Modular Technologies Inc. (SMT) has developed memory modules that can configure systems differently, even in the field. The company's Adaptable Memory Socket technique permits any of three types of memory in a given system.

SMT has designed 168-pin modules that can hold three types of memory: fast page mode, extended data out (EDO) or synchronous DRAM. The modu les work with core-logic chips from Intel that can work with all three types of RAM. That means that system memory can be configured after the system is ordered, or even just before it's handed over to the end user.

"Today, the only option people have is how many Mbytes they want," said Bill Johnston, director of marketing at SMT Inc. "With the systems being designed now, they will have broader price-performance options. They can decide which type of memory they want."

HP, Fujitsu, IBM push the high end of computer performance

By Alexander Wolfe

PALO ALTO, Calif.--Pushing the envelope of high-performance computing is still very much on the industry's agenda, as evidenced by new systems designed at Hewlett-Packard Co., Fujitsu Ltd. and IBM Corp.

All the products highlight the shift of parallel-processor and vector-parallel architectures from an exotic pursuit into a mainstream method of building computers. Another common thread: the machines are all targeted to run software for the most demanding technical applications in EDA and CAD.

At Hewlett-Packard, the latest high-end computing systems come by way of the company's Convex Technology Center. The Exemplar SPP1600 (SPP stands for Scalable Parallel Processor) is built around HP's PA-7200 RISC microprocessor and is architected as a multiple-instruction, multiple-data shared-memory system. .

Fujitsu has beefed up its high end with its new VPP700 Series supercomputers. The systems are scalable and can be upgraded from a basic configuration of eight processing elements (PEs) to up to 256 PEs, maxing out at an aggregate performance rating of 500 Gflops. The individual PEs are a proprietary design, manufactured by Fujitsu in the company's advanced, 0.35-micron CMOS process.

IBM is continuing to enhance its RS/6000 Scalable Powerparallel (SP) family. Recently, IBM disclosed a new molecular-sciences laborato ry has bought what will be the most powerful IBM parallel computer ever built. The computer will be an RS/6000 SP-configured system with 472 processors, delivering a peak performance of 200 Gflops.

N+I preview: Ipsilon IP technology will pose threat to ATM

By Loring Wirbel

PALO ALTO, Calif. -- The technical emergence of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) and the public explosion of the Internet are speeding toward a head-on collision. That will be the message when Ipsilon Networks Inc. makes its public debut next month at NetWorld + Interop in Las Vegas.

By choosing to route Internet Protocol (IP) traffic over ATM switching hardware--while throwing out much of the complex ATM signaling and flow control--Ipsilon is proffering a bold resolution to the growing conflict between the two networking camps. But the move can't be much to the liking of the ATM Forum, which has labored for years over the very material Ipsilon is tossing away.

Nonetheless, a company with Ipsilon's credentials cannot be ignored. Founder Tom Lyon wrote the forum's ATM Adaptation Layer 5 spec. President Brian NeSmith, while at Sun Microsystems Inc., headed Newbridge Networks Inc.'s Vivid ATM-switch business. Vice president of marketing Larry Blair founded Ethernet-switch pioneer Kalpana Inc. Vice president of business development Larry Lang headed Cisco's routing efforts, vice president of engineering Don Jaworski directed software efforts at 3DO, and director of software Bob Hinden headed Internet efforts at SunSoft and co-chaired the Internet Protocol, next generation (IPng) working group. Also, technical staff members Peter Newman and Greg Minshall were chief architects at Network Equipment Technologies and Novell, respectively.

In short, when such industry figures claim that the ATM Forum has added layers of software complexity to the ATM standard, making it unusable for most wide- or local-area implementations, they can expect to get a hearing.

DRAM-based "Fusion Memory" joins the memory wars

By Ron Wilson

SANTA CLARA, Calif. -- Integrated Device Technology Inc. is opening an entirely new front in the memory wars with the introduction of Fusion Memory--a DRAM-based memory technology with SRAM-like speed and near-DRAM density and cost. The company will use the new memory technology in low-cost SRAM replacements, in specialty memory products and for embedded memory in CPUs and communications products.

"Basically what we have done is to provide the performance and ease of use of a conventional four-transistor SRAM cell, but with the density of DRAM," said director of marketing Stewart Sando. "The technology is flexible--it allows us to make sure we hit the application's performance target first, then bring the cost down to the levels only possible with a single-tran sistor DRAM cell."

Sando explained that the technological basis of Fusion Memory was the work IDT has done in cooperation with MoSys Inc. IDT is the original foundry for the MoSys multibank DRAM.

"We use a very conventional single-transistor, stacked-capacitor DRAM cell," he said. "That allows us to use a standard 4-Mbit, four-poly, two-metal process. But instead of putting the cells in one or two huge arrays, we put down a lot of small arrays on the die. The size of each array is determined by the timing requirements: we keep the bit lines short enough and the sense amps fast enough to meet whatever speed requirements the application imposes."

These small arrays are then assembled and controlled so that they appear to behave as a single SRAM-like device. RAS/CAS timing and refresh are essentially hidden from the outside of the chip.

ASIC cores grab spotlight at DSPx conference

By Martin Gold and Ashok Bindra

SAN JOSE, Calif. -- ASIC cores were in, and standard products were on the back burner for digital signal processing hardware vendors at last week's DSPx conference here. Feeling pressure not only from upstarts like the DSP Group, but also from their best customers, market-leading DSP chipmakers announced plans for signal-processing cores based on their standard-product offerings. But analysts warned that the old cores may not meet the new needs of system-level chip designs, and that tool environments might not be ready to deal with DSP cores.

Nonetheless, major vendors lined the conference schedule with announcements. As expected, Analog Devices Inc. entered the DSP-core-based ASIC business with a multifaceted effort. Motorola Semiconductor is readying a new DSP-based ASIC line from its Phoenix-based ASIC division. Other companies are also making significant moves. NEC Corp. has licensed DSP Group's Pine and Oak cores in a move to broaden its DSP ASIC off erings while Mitsubishi Electronics is evaluating several cores to broaden its line.

LSI Logic Corp. and VLSI Technology Inc., two of the pioneers in ASIC technology, are also getting aggressive with the use of the DSP Group cores. These moves come on the heels of Texas Instruments' recent announcement that it is investing a whopping $2 billion to better serve the changing DSP marketplace. Much of this activity is being driven by the growth of the communications market.

Ikos snaps up emulation startup Virtual Machine Works

By Richard Goering

CUPERTINO, Calif. -- The quickly-evolving IC emulation market took another turn last week as a provider of simulation accelerators, Ikos Systems Inc., announced its intent to acquire emulation startup Virtual Machine Works of Cambridge, Mass. While the acquisition initially provides a sales channel for Virtual Machine's low-cost emulat ors, it may lead to a new generation of verification solutions that mix acceleration and emulation.

Ikos' agreement to pay roughly $15 million for a 22-person company with no revenues is testimony to the strategic importance of emulation, which uses programmable logic devices to prototype ICs. Ikos joins three other companies that have snapped up emulation startups--Zycad, Synopsys and Mentor Graphics--in an attempt to break the virtual monopoly of Quickturn Design Systems in this arena.

A spinoff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Virtual Machine in January announced VirtuaLogic, an emulation system that claims low prices and ease of use compared to Quickturn's System Realizer products. The company's primary technology innovation is its automatic "Virtual Wires" compiler.

AMD spins off its programmable-logic division

By Craig Matsumoto

SUNNYVALE, Calif. -- Advanced Micro Devices Inc. (AMD) is turning its programmable-logic division into a wholly owned subsidiary, hoping to keep pace with the high-revving PLD market.

Last week's hasty announcement was rushed to answer rumors that the PLD division was up for sale, AMD vice president Dave Chavoustie said.

"We wanted to squelch those rumors from the beginning," he said. "We don't have our PLD business up for sale, period."

One rumor--which Chavoustie dismissed--had Xilinx Inc. (San Jose, Calif.) and AMD haggling over a price for AMD's Mach line, which would give Xilinx a foothold in the medium-density PLD market.

"To the best of my knowledge, that has never been even remotely considered," Chavoustie said. "[CEO W.J.] Sanders would probably kill anybody who'd say that."

Because the announcement came earlier than AMD had planned, details were sketchy.

The subsidiary has no name yet. Its revenues will be invisible, as they'll be wrapped into AMD's overall financial results, but off icials did say they expect the subsidiary to be built as a separate company and to turn a profit.

For more information on programmable logic, see our new special interest site, Programming Silicon.

SIA book-to-bill down again in February

SAN JOSE, Calif. -- Further evidence of soft business conditions surfaced last week, as the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) reported its book-to-bill ratio fell again in February, to 0.90 from a revised 0.92 in January.

But many industry observers asserted that the softness is the lingering effect of high expectations in the fourth quarter and that the industry is burning off inventory.

Steve Sanghi, president and CEO of Microchip Inc. (Chandler, Ariz.), said that when the measure was 1.5, "it was probably a little inflated. Now that it's 0.9, it's probably not that bad either." His company expects a flat first quarter but a return to recent 10 percent-per-quarter growth rates by the fall, Sanghi added.

In other parts of the world, additional indications of a slowdown surfaced. Analysts said that growth for the U.K. market will cool this year. In Japan, Matsushita said it was having difficulty hitting financial targets, while NEC president Hajime Sasaki said his company is re-evaluating its capital-spending plans.

Verilog-analog plan pushed

LOS GATOS, Calif. -- A proposal to add analog extensions to the Verilog language is moving apace, according to Open Verilog International (OVI). The organization said last week that its board members have received a preliminary Verilog-Analog (Verilog-A) proposal for review from a technical subcommittee and have scheduled the proposal for completion in April.

Work is also proceeding on a follow-up proposal called Verilog-Mixed Signal (Verilog-MS). It's slate d for OVI board review in December, and the IEEE 1364 working group, which represents Verilog, is preparing a project authorization request (PAR) for it.

The increasing importance of analog coupled with demand in mixed-signal have led to standards efforts to add analog extensions to both VHDL and Verilog. Though the analog VHDL effort has been proceeding through the IEEE for a longer period, many observers believe that an analog Verilog standard may appear earlier.

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